Expanded graphite doped with nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15407/hftp17.03.413Keywords:
graphite, graphite intercalation compounds, co-intercalation, expanded graphite, heteroatom doping, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, derivatographyAbstract
Nanostructured carbon materials, such as graphene, oxidized graphene, and graphene oxide doped with nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms, have specific physicochemical properties and can be used in various fields from electronics to medicine. Formed carbon nanoparticles are difficult to dope (especially oxidized graphene or graphene oxide) in such a way that they retain their structure as a whole. Therefore, it is promising to obtain precursors of these nanoparticles that are already doped with the desired heteroatom. Rolled or pressed materials from expanded graphite (EG) can be a precursor for obtaining such nanoscale materials by anodic exfoliation in electrolytes. Therefore, the development of methods for the synthesis of EG containing nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms is the goal of this work.
The paper deals with the synthesis and study of the physicochemical properties of graphite intercalation compounds (GICs) formed by their interaction with concentrated nitric and sulfuric acids, as well as their mixtures in various ratios. The main characteristics of the resulting GICs were determined and their capability to expand thermally was examined. It was shown that GICs with sulfuric acid have a better ability to expand and allow obtaining better quality EGs.
EG samples obtained from these GICs were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and derivatography.
It was determined that during thermal expansion of co-intercalated graphite compounds, nitrogen and sulfur atoms are incorporated into the graphene planes of EG particles. It was shown that this method can be used to obtain EG doped with sulfur heteroatoms (0.2–0.5 at. %) mainly in sulfite and sulfate groups and nitrogen (0.6–1.2 at. %) mainly in the pyrrolic and quaternary chemical states, the content of which can be regulated by changing the ratio of sulfuric and nitric acids in the intercalating mixtures.
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Copyright (c) 2026 Yu.V. Hrebelna, S.V. Zhuravskyi , M.I. Terets, O.M. Ignatenko, N.V. Siharova, K.O. Ivanenko, M.T. Kartel, Yu.I. Sementsov
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